Microelectronics and Nano Electronics

Microelectronic technology is the direct basis of modern electronic information technology. Its development has effectively promoted the rapid development of communication technology, computer technology and network technology, and has become an important symbol to measure a country's scientific and technological progress. Three scientists from bell Institute in the United States won the 1956 Nobel Prize in physics for successfully developing a crystalline triode. Transistor has become the basis of the development of integrated circuit technology. Modern microelectronics technology is a high-tech electronic technology based on various semiconductor devices with integrated circuit as the core. The production of integrated circuit began in 1959. It is characterized by small volume, light weight, high reliability and fast working speed. There are three marks to measure the progress of microelectronics technology: first, reduce the size of the device structure in the chip, that is, reduce the width of the processing line; Second, increase the number of components contained in the chip, that is, expand the integration scale; Third, develop targeted design applications.

Large scale integrated circuit means that more than 1000 components can be integrated on each single crystal silicon chip. Components with an integration of more than 10000 to 100000 are VLSI. The international lithography standard line width of large-scale and very large-scale integrated circuits in the 1980s is 0.7-0.8 microns, and the integration degree is 108. The standard line width in the 1990s is 0.3-0.5 microns, and the integration degree is 109. Integrated circuits include special circuits (such as clocks, cameras, washing machines, etc.) and general circuits. The most typical general-purpose circuits are memory and processor, which are widely used. The replacement of computers depends on the integration scale of these two integrated circuits.

Memory is a device with information storage capacity. With the development of integrated circuits, semiconductor memory has largely replaced the magnetic memory used in the past and become an information storage device in the process of computer digital operation and information processing. The size (or capacity) of memory is often expressed in bytes, and bytes are represented by capital letter B. the integration of memory chip has been expressed in megabits (MB). At present, the laboratory has made 8MB dynamic memory chip. A Chinese character occupies two bytes, that is, 4 million Chinese characters can be placed on a silicon chip the size of a fingernail. The integration of dynamic memory is developing at the rate of quadrupling every three years.